Archaeologists uncover 3,000-year-old beer-like drinks brewed with unusual ingredients
Archaeologists recently uncovered proof of ancient fermented beverages in western China — revealing how people brewed beer-like drinks more than 3,000 years ago.
The research was published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports in December.
The study centered around the Mogou site in Gansu Province, located in northwestern China near the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.
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The site had long been used as a cemetery during the Bronze Age, in the late second millennium B.C. Researchers analyzed 42 vessels from four tombs and found microscopic residue showing they once held fermented liquids.
Experts conducted microfossil analyses and uncovered starch granules, phytoliths and fungi that show the "diverse range" of the diet of ancient Mogou people, per the study's abstract.
The Mogou people brewed the beverages using the "qu method," which involved preparing the fermentation starter with rice and Monascus mold, or red mold. The drinks were crafted from grains such as millet, rice, wheat and barley.
Li Liu, an East Asian Languages and Cultures professor at Stanford University and co-author of the study, said these fermented beverages were "likely similar to unfiltered beer, with a porridge-like consistency."
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The drinks also had a low alcohol content and a "mildly sweet-sour flavor profile," Liu told Fox News Digital.
"They were probably consumed fresh and did not include hops, which are used in brewing modern beer."
Liu added that fermented alcoholic beverages had a long history in China. They were used as mortuary offerings and in festive settings for around 10,000 years.
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"At the same time, these beverages may also have functioned as everyday food resources, as fermentation would have enhanced preservation, nutritional value and digestibility, allowing them to be consumed beyond strictly ritual contexts," she added.
The most surprising aspect of the study, Liu said, was the evidence that red mold was used in the fermentation process — an unusual type of mold in the Tibetan Plateau region.
"Rice may not have been locally produced in this highland environment, and the growing of Monascus typically requires warm and humid conditions," Liu said.
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"Its presence in the western highlands suggests a remarkably long-lasting and far-reaching cultural transmission of brewing knowledge."
She also said the brewing methods stayed largely the same for centuries, suggesting a well-established tradition.
The study represents the "first scientific analysis of ancient alcoholic residues from Bronze Age western China," Liu said.
"Because the site is situated along major east-west cultural communication routes, the findings highlight how 'invisible' traditions — such as brewing knowledge and fermentation practices — were an important but often overlooked component of long-distance human interaction and cultural exchange," she said.