Netherlands faces 'test case' climate verdict over Caribbean island
Residents of the Dutch territory off the coast of Venezuela have teamed up with Greenpeace to sue the Dutch government, demanding "concrete measures" to shield the island from rising waters.
The ruling by the Hague District Court follows an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice, which found that states violating their climate obligations were committing an "unlawful" act.
"The Bonaire case is the first major test case on a state's mitigation and adaptation ambition following the ICJ's groundbreaking ruling and could set a precedent with global relevance," said Greenpeace.
The low-lying Netherlands is famous for its protective measures against rising waters, mainly based on an extensive system of barriers and dykes.
But campaigners argue that it does not provide the same protection for its overseas territories such as Bonaire.
They want a plan in place for Bonaire by April 2027 and the Netherlands to reduce CO2 emissions to zero by 2040 rather than 2050 as agreed at an EU level.
The government argues it is an "autonomous task" of the local authorities to develop a plan to counter the ravages of climate change.
Campaigners point to a survey by Amsterdam's Vrije Universiteit showing the sea could swallow as much as a fifth of Bonaire by the end of the century.
Bonaire is a former Dutch colony in the Caribbean.
In 2010, it became one of three so-called special municipalities of the Netherlands along with Saba and St Eustatius.
'Unbearable'
During court hearings last year, some of the island's 27,000 residents shared their experiences battling rising seas and temperatures.
"Climate change is not a distant threat for us," Bonaire farmer Onnie Emerenciana told judges.
"Where we used to work, play, walk, or fish during the day, the heat is now often unbearable."
The use of courts and other legal avenues to pursue climate litigation has grown rapidly over the past decade, with most lawsuits targeting governments.
Claimants argue a relatively small number of major polluters bear a historic liability for losses caused by droughts, storms and other climate-fuelled extremes.
The ICJ opinion, requested by the United Nations, aimed to clarify international law as it relates to climate change.
In what was largely seen as a win for environmental campaigners, the judges said polluters could be liable for reparations to countries suffering from climate damage.
Wednesday's case "is the first European adaptation ruling on overseas territories that could have groundbreaking legal consequences worldwide", said Greenpeace.
"It should not matter where you were born: everyone has the right to protection against floods, storms, and extreme heat," said Marieke Vellekoop, director of Greenpeace Netherlands.