Exiled Tibetans choose leaders for lost homeland
From red-robed Buddhist monks in the snowy Himalayas, to political exiles in megacities across South Asia, to refugees in Australia, Europe and North America, voting will take place in 27 countries -- but not China.
"Elections... show that the struggle for Tibet's freedom and independence continues from generation to generation," said candidate Gyaltsen Chokye, 33, based in the Indian hill-town of Dharamsala, headquarters of the government-in-exile, the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA).
It is an electoral system unlike any other, a vote for a parliament without a state.
Beijing, which in 1950 sent troops to the vast high-altitude plateau it calls an integral part of China, condemned the elections as a "farce".
"The so-called 'Tibetan government-in-exile' is nothing but a separatist political group," China's foreign ministry said in a written statement to AFP.
"It is an illegal organisation that completely violates the Chinese constitution and laws."
The 91,000 registered voters reject that view.
Many see the vote as the most consequential democratic moment for them since their revered Buddhist spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama -- who celebrated his 90th birthday last year -- fled Chinese rule in 1959.
"These elections show that political agency exists even without a state, especially when democratic participation is denied inside Tibet," said Sonam Palmo, 38, from Switzerland's University of Zurich, who helps run Smartvote Tibet, a website helping the diaspora select candidates.
"They underscore the resilience and shared purpose of the exile community at a decisive moment."
Exiled voters represent only a fraction of ethnic Tibetans -- whom the CTA estimates at six million worldwide, compared with more than seven million China counted in its 2020 census.
'Tibetan cause'
The five-year parliament, which sits twice a year, has 45 members: 30 representing three traditional provinces, 10 representing five religious traditions, and five representing the diaspora.
Sunday's vote will select candidates ahead of a final round on April 26, with results due May 13.
Voters will cast paper ballots, with Election Commission chief Lobsang Yeshi alleging "past attempts by China to interfere with and disrupt Tibetan elections", including "cyber-espionage".
It is a key institution for the exiles, especially after the Dalai Lama handed over political power in 2011.
The Nobel Peace Prize laureate insists he has many more years to live, but Tibetans are preparing for an inevitable future without him. China insists it will have the final say over who succeeds him.
"The most important thing we can do during this time is to safeguard everything we have achieved under his guidance."
Elections come as the diaspora community grapples with changing identities driven by generational shift and geographic dispersion, as well as geopolitical change.
While punishing US aid cuts in 2025 were partially reversed, concerns about donor dependence persist, including reliance on host India and how this intersects with New Delhi's relationship with China -- once icy, now gradually easing.
"Given the shifting foreign policy priorities of the US administration, and China's expanding influence in global affairs, there is little doubt that we may see major changes", Namgyal told AFP.
"We cannot predict how harmful these shifts may be for the Tibetan cause."
'Freedom struggle'
More than half of voters, about 56,000, live in India, Nepal and Bhutan. The remaining 34,000 are scattered around the world, including roughly 12,000 in North America -- including New York and Toronto -- and 8,000 in Europe, including Paris, Geneva, Zurich and London.
"The stakes are too high to risk choosing ineffective leadership," said Kunga Choekey, 24, a voter based in India's town of Dehradun.
Voters will also elect the government's "sikyong", or leader.
Current sikyong, Penpa Tsering, is seeking a second term. Like many, he does not seek full independence for Tibet, in line with the Dalai Lama's long-standing "Middle Way" policy seeking autonomy.
But Australia-based lawmaker Doring Tenzin Phuntsok, 40, campaigning for reelection, wants the vote to send a message to Beijing.
"The election... forms a major counter to China's autocratic one-party rule," said Phuntsok. "It is part of the continual process of the freedom struggle."