Arsenals of weapons deployed against IS and Syrian rebels
The United States, Russia, France and Britain are deploying an arsenal of weapons in the Syrian conflict, although some experts question whether they are best suited to the fight against Islamic State jihadists.
IS targets are being pummelled from the air and the sea, but the effectiveness of the operation against relatively lightly-armed fighters, who have resorted to hiding in tunnels and moving around rapidly, is open to question.
Here is a rundown of the key weapons being used, principally against IS targets. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's ally Russia, meanwhile, has turned its military might on other rebel groups, to Washington's fury, but is also bombing IS.
RUSSIA'S KILO-CLASS SUBMARINE AND KALIBR CRUISE MISSILES
On October 7, Russia fired 26 cruise missiles at Syrian rebels from a cruiser in the Caspian Sea, 1,500 kilometres (930 miles) from the target.
Western military experts identified them as Kalibr missiles, the equivalent of the Americans' Tomahawk missiles.
Russia's use of such missiles makes it a member of an elite group of nations including the US and Britain to deploy them. In theory, they also give the Russian navy wider scope to attack Europe.
On December 9, Russia fired this type of missile again from a new-generation Kilo-class submarine, the Rostov-on-Don, deployed in the Mediterranean. The submarine, which entered service in 2014, offers both a powerful weapons capability and a high degree of stealth.
"The new version of the Kilo has very high military capabilities -- they represent a credible threat," a French military source said.
But experts remain sceptical about the effectiveness of using such massive weapons against Syrian rebel groups, including IS.
"It makes no sense at all from a military point of view. But it sends a message to the West about (Russia's) capacity," said Alexander Golts, an independent Russian analyst.
The Russian air force has deployed its newer Sukhoi Su-34 fighter-bombers, which have an impressive range of 4,000 kilometres (2,500 miles), but the lion's share of the bombing is still being done by the ageing Su-24 and Su-25 attack aircraft.
"We already had them in Afghanistan (in the 1980s). The army says they have a new targeting system, if you believe that. These planes drop bombs that are not guided," Golts said.
RAPTOR, PREDATOR AND US REAPERS
The F-22 Raptor stealth fighter-bomber, at the cutting edge of the US forces' capabilities, made its operational debut in Syria in September 2014.
With a $360 million price tag, the plane is considered the most advanced jet in the world because of its ability to evade detection by radar. It can fly at speeds beyond Mach 2 and can release laser-guided bombs 25 kilometres (15 miles) from its target.
US Predator and Reaper drones are an increasingly essential element of American aerial operations, collecting intelligence and helping bomber pilots to select their targets. The drones themselves can also fire Hellfire missiles.
TOW ANTI-TANK MISSILES
The CIA and its allies in the region, including Saudi Arabia, have supplied Syrian rebels with anti-tank TOW (Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided) missiles, which have had a devastating effect on the tanks of Assad's regime.
These US-made missiles, with a range of 3,500 metres, were used by a rebel group against a Russian helicopter that had been sent to pick up a Russian pilot after his plane was shot down by Turkish forces in late November, according to specialist sites.
BRITAIN'S TYPHOONS
Since Britain belatedly joined the air war against Islamic State rebels in Syria last month, the RAF has been using Eurofighter Typhoons and far older Tornado jets, which have been in service for 35 years.
Britain is currently without an aircraft carrier, so its jets are operating from Cyprus.
FRANCE'S SCALP MISSILES AND RAFALES
The French army fired its first SCALP cruise missiles against IS on Tuesday. The Rafale fighter-bomber -- which is finally finding a market abroad after a slow start -- is also playing a key role in French operations.
France's navy is eagerly awaiting delivery of its first MdCN cruise missiles which are expected to enter service in 2016. At 1,000 kilometres they offer three times the range of the SCALP.
France's Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier is already in the Gulf and will be joined in January by the first of a new generation of frigates.