Collins-Class: Australia's First Homemade Submarines (That Flopped)
Australia now wants nuclear-powered submarines. However, the road to that decision goes through the history of the Collins-class submarines:
Australia’s Collins-Class, Explained in Detail
The Collins-class of six Australian-built diesel-electric submarines currently operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), takes its name from Australian Vice Admiral John Augustine Collins, who joined the first intake at the RAN College at the age of fourteen. The other five submarines are also named after significant RAN personnel who distinguished themselves in action, and even made the ultimate sacrifice for their country during the Second World War.
The boats were the first submarines to be constructed in Australia, prompting widespread improvements in Australian industry. The class of submarines was developed from the Type 471 subs designed and built by the Swedish Navy, and the lead boat was launched in August 1993 and commissioned in Adelaide in July 1996.
The submarines were developed to travel distances while also being able to operate in varying environments from cool southern oceans to warm, shallow tropical waters. As a key component of the Australian Defence Force, the six submarines are capable of serving as an intelligence-gathering platform in peacetime while being employed as a forceful opponent in wartime. The submarines are currently based at Fleet Base West in Western Australia, and it is unclear if any will operate from the announced facility in Eastern Australia.
High Tech Design of the Collins
The Collins-class was one of the first submarines to be completely designed by computers, incorporating elements from five generations of submarines designed and built by the Swedish Navy. The boats feature a high-performance hull form, highly automated controls, low indiscretion rates, high shock resistance, optimal noise suppression, and an efficient weapons handling and discharge system.
The boats are powered by three Hedemora/Garden Island Type V18B/14 diesel engines, three Jeumont Schneider 1,400kW 440V DC generators, and one MacTaggart Scott DM 43006 hydraulic motor for emergency propulsion. Submerged boats can move silently on electric power supplied by banks of specially-developed lead-acid batteries, which can be charged by three onboard diesel generator sets. The Collins-class boats can also travel at speeds greater than twenty knots submerged and ten knots surfaced.
At the time of the commissioning of the lead boat, the class consisted of the largest conventionally powered submarines in the world. The single-hulled boats are seventy-eight meters long (255 feet) and have a beam of 7.8 meters (twenty-six feet). The submarines, which have two decks, displace 3,000 tons. While the maximum depth is classified, it has been reported that the diving depth is in excess of 180 meters (590 feet). Each carries a crew of forty-two, including six officers and thirty-six submariners.
Collins-Class Is Ready for Battle
The boats are well armed and fitted with six twenty-one-inch (530 millimeters) torpedo tubes, and the submarines can carry a total of twenty-two torpedoes including Mark 48 Mod 7 CBASS torpedoes and UGM-84C Sub-Harpoon anti-ship missiles; or forty-four mines in place of the torpedoes. In addition, the submarines are equipped with a variety of sophisticated countermeasures, which can provide automatic detection, direction finding and identification of radar signals, as well as decoy methods.
Collins in for Choppy Waters
Despite the capabilities of the RAN’s Collins-class, the submarines had been the subject of many incidents and technical problems since the design phase. That has included accusations of foul play and bias during the design selection, improper handling of design changes during construction, major capability deficiencies in the first submarines, as well as ongoing technical problems throughout the early life of the class.
These problems were further compounded by the inability of the RAN to retain sufficient personnel to operate the submarines –by 2008, only three could be manned, and between 2009 and 2012, on average two or fewer were fully operational.
The resulting negative press has led to a poor public perception of the six boats.
Collins-Class Service Extended
All six of the Collins-class boats were expected to be retired by 2026, but the submarines have been upgraded, which will extend their service well into the 2040s.
In December 2020, the RAN announced that the domestically-built diesel-electric boats would be upgraded with the new Thales sonar systems. The Australian government planned to invest $23.7 million on the upgrades, which will reportedly increase the operational effectiveness of the boats in hazardous, shallow waters through the installation of the sovereign Mine and Obstacle Avoidance Sonar and High-Frequency Intercept Array systems developed by Thales Australia.
About the Author: Peter Suciu
Peter Suciu is a Michigan-based writer who has contributed to more than four dozen magazines, newspapers and websites. He regularly writes about military hardware, and is the author of several books on military headgear including A Gallery of Military Headdress, which is available on Amazon.com. Peter is also a Contributing Writer for Forbes.
All images are Creative Commons.